Most commonly called "direct impingement", but high-end AR's (and some surplus rifles that are not AR's, like FN49's and Yugo SKS's) have adjustable blocks, for use with gas pistons instead of gas impingement. The adjustable blocks are generally better, although that is debatable. It allows for adjusting the gas level on the fly, often without tools, just a twist of a knob, for use with different projectile weights, powder loads, suppressors or even grenade launchersIt's also called Direct Impingement.
That is the right answer since many gas operated guns are not ARs, but the gas block is often there in some form.It provides for a transition point for the gas to get from the barrel into the gas tube... kind of like an exhaust manifold on an engine that facilitates the exhaust going from the cylinders into the exhaust pipe/muffler.